By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how the structures of the lungs and thoracic cavity control the mechanics of breathingExplain the importance of compliance and resistance in the lungsDiscuss problems that may arise due to a V/Q mismatch

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Name and describe lung volumes and capacitiesUnderstand how gas pressure influences how gases move into and out of the body

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the passage of air from the outside environment to the lungsExplain how the lungs are protected from particulate matter

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissuesExplain how carbon dioxide is transported from body tissues to the lungs

By the end of this section, you will be able to:List the characteristics of fungiDescribe the composition of the myceliumDescribe the mode of nutrition of fungiExplain sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Classify fungi into the five major phylaDescribe each phylum in terms of major representative species and patterns of reproduction

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the role of fungi in the ecosystemDescribe mutualistic relationships of fungi with plant roots and photosynthetic organismsDescribe the beneficial relationship between some fungi and insects

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe fungal parasites and pathogens of plantsDescribe the different types of fungal infections in humansExplain why antifungal therapy is hampered by the similarity between fungal and animal cells

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the importance of fungi to the balance of the environmentSummarize the role of fungi in food and beverage preparationDescribe the importance of fungi in the chemical and pharmaceutical industriesDiscuss the role of fungi as model organisms

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Interpret the metazoan phylogenetic treeDescribe the types of data that scientists use to construct and revise animal phylogenyList some of the relationships within the modern phylogenetic tree that have been discovered as a result of modern molecular data

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Explain the differences in animal body plans that support basic animal classificationCompare and contrast the embryonic development of protostomes and deuterostomes

By the end of this section, you will be able to:List the features that distinguish the kingdom Animalia from other kingdomsExplain the processes of animal reproduction and embryonic developmentDescribe the roles that Hox genes play in development

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the features that characterized the earliest animals and when they appeared on earthExplain the significance of the Cambrian period for animal evolution and the changes in animal diversity that took place during that timeDescribe some of the unresolved questions surrounding the Cambrian explosionDiscuss the implications of mass animal extinctions that have occurred in evolutionary history

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Compare structural and organization characteristics of Porifera and CnidariaDescribe the progressive development of tissues and their relevance to animal complexity

By the end of this section, you will be able to:Describe the organizational features of the simplest multicellular organismsExplain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges