Gene insertion of opsin, light-activated cell-membrane channels, into neurons of interest allows researchers to manipulate light to either excite or inhibit neuronal activity to gain a better understanding of brain function and dysfunction, and explore therapeutic applications.

Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) must be prepared for an array of possible emergencies while on duty. These skills must be ingrained through practice to withstand the stress of an emergency scene: ready at a moment’s notice, should the patient condition necessitate.

Within this book you will find many of the skills an EMT will be expected to perform. Each student is required to complete each skill a minimum number of times. This effort will assist the instructional team in tracking your progress, as well as provide you with the documentation necessary to prove proficiency for national and state certification. The skills in this text are important to master but remember, a truly proficient EMT is refreshing old skills and acquiring new ones throughout their career.

Table of Contents:
Safety
Assessment Tasks
Team Function
Airway and Breathing Skills
Dynamic Multi-Skill Assessments
Trauma Operations
Medical Operations
Pharmacology
Pediatric & Obstetrics
Medical Patient Assessment Team Lead Final Evaluation

The following resource is a compilation of current literature that captures the importance and benefits of outdoor, nature-based play in early childhood education programming, and highlights the role of risky play in children’s development. Outdoor play in natural settings provides opportunities for both healthy development and is a potential means to address childcare shortages.

The accumulation of new knowledge over the last several years has provided the impetus for
this, the 7th edition of Parasitic Diseases. By integrating all the salient information contained
in over 1000 new references with the current descriptions of each pathogen, we continue
the never-ending process of evaluating, revising, and improving our understanding of these
parasitic organisms. New features to the 7th edition include a clinical summary section, additional life cycle diagrams and a pronouncer’s guide to parasite names. Consideration of the
biographies of those notable contributors to the field of parasitology has also been extended.
Parasites Without Borders continues to make available, free of charge, the PDF version of
Parasitic Diseases in both English and Spanish editions.

Contents
I. Acknowledgements
II. Preface
III. Eukaryotic Parasites
IV. The Protozoa
V. The Nematodes
VI. The Cestodes
VII. The Trematodes
VIII. The Arthropods
Appendix A. Procedures for Collecting 505-508
Clinical Specimens for Diagnosing Protozoan
and Helminthic Parasites
Appendix B. Laboratory Diagnostic Methods 509-516
Appendix C. Diagnostic Color Atlas 517-534
Parasite Identification Charts 535-538
Clinical Appendix 539-578
Pronunciation Guide 579-584
Acronyms 585-588
Index

Please see the Parasites without Borders Books page for the Spanish edition and other free to use books: https://parasiteswithoutborders.com/books/

Permission has been granted to post on VIVA Open.

We have developed this open access book for universities and colleges responding to the needs and interests of students preparing for careers in health or even seeking to add a “health track” to their majors or minors. Para vivir offers an introduction to reading different literary and cultural texts from the Spanish-speaking world with a thematic focus on health. It can be used as an alternative to the standard Introduction to Hispanic Literature course texts, as it also teaches techniques of close reading. It incorporates authors from seventeen counties, has an almost even representation of male and female authors and diverse communities in the Hispanic world (European, Creole, Afro Hispanic, Latinx, Indigenous, Jewish). In addition to introductions to reading different genres (narrative, poetry, theater, and film) we have scaffolded supporting material such as biographies, notes on the historical contexts, pre and post-reading questions.

The content of this reading resource was selected to support you in meeting the module reading outcomes. Please note that this reading resource alone may not fulfill all of the listed module reading outcomes and that additional individual research may be necessary to fully prepare for class. The majority of the content was adapted from Anatomy and Physiology by Rice University (licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)

This multimedia resource provides the science behind the disease that a health care professional is managing and an explanation of the signs and symptoms a patient is experiencing, starting at the tissue level. Each disease begins with a review of normal anatomy, histology and physiology - followed by the changes the disease has on the tissue (histopathology or anatomic pathology), organ (gross pathology), and function (pathophysiology). Videos and photos of gross pathological specimens & histological slides are included in every topic, with videolessons guiding viewers on the observable pathological changes. Because working with patients in their health journey is a team affair, this resource highlights the interprofessional collaboration that occurs between health care providers. This resource includes personal interviews with many health care professionals, explaining their role in a patient's diagnosis and/or treatment and management.

Welcome to the PressBook for Pathophysiology for the PTA. This book is designed to guide the learner through a series of short readings, pictures, videos, and activities to help visualize and apply concepts covered in the course. This PressBook is a “work in progress” and any comments or suggestions are greatly appreciated, as the PressBook is easily corrected or changed to reflect new ideas in health care. Presently, limited chapters are included in the PressBook, but more chapters are being created so that someday soon, all body systems will be covered. For now, only the cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and neurological systems are included, but expect this PressBook to continually grow and change. In the meantime, enjoy the learning.

This open access textbook is an introductory resource to guide best practices of objective assessment techniques related to inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation (IPPA). Its intended audience is students in health-related post-secondary programs such as nursing.

Introducing public health ethics poses two special challenges. First, it is a relatively new field that combines public health and practical ethics. Its unfamiliarity requires considerable explanation, yet its scope and emergent qualities make delineation difficult. Moreover, while the early development of public health ethics occurred in a western context, its reach, like public health itself, has become global. A second challenge, then, is to articulate an approach specific enough to provide clear guidance yet sufficiently flexible and encompassing to adapt to global contexts. Broadly speaking, public health ethics helps guide practical decisions affecting population or community health based on scientific evidence and in accordance with accepted values and standards of right and wrong. In these ways, public health ethics builds on its parent disciplines of public health and ethics. This dual inheritance plays out in the definition the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers of public health ethics: “A systematic process to clarify, prioritize, and justify possible courses of public health action based on ethical principles, values and beliefs of stakeholders, and scientific and other information” (CDC 2011). Public health ethics shares with other fields of practical and professional ethics both the general theories of ethics and a common store of ethical principles, values, and beliefs. It differs from these other fields largely in the nature of challenges that public health officials typically encounter and in the ethical frameworks it employs to address these challenges. Frameworks provide methodical approaches or procedures that tailor general ethical theories, principles, values, and beliefs to the specific ethical challenges that arise in a particular field. Although no framework is definitive, many are useful, and some are especially effective in particular contexts. This chapter will conclude by setting forth a straightforward, stepwise ethics framework that provides a tool for analyzing the cases in this volume and, more importantly, one that public health practitioners have found useful in a range of contexts. For a public health practitioner, knowing how to employ an ethics framework to address a range of ethical challenges in public health—a know-how that depends on practice—is the ultimate take-home message.

This unit provides a discussion of public health origins and history, the differentiation from private health, and the significant value provided by public health. It also reviews important terminology and includes an examination of the general organization of public health agencies and the flow of data within public health.

This introductory unit covers definitions of terms used in the component, with an emphasis on paradigm shifts in healthcare, including the transition from physician-centric to patient-centric care, the transition from individual care to interdisciplinary team-based care, and the central role of technology in healthcare delivery. This unit also emphasizes the core values in US healthcare.

This casebook, now in its second edition, is a collaboration of over 90 individuals with expertise and training in public health pharmacy. A total of 54 chapters are presented, covering a broad array of topics relevant to pharmacy applications of public health. These topics include, but are not limited to, cross-cultural care, health literacy and disparities, infectious disease, health promotion and disease prevention, medication safety, structural racism, advocacy/policy analysis, chronic disease, women’s health, rural health, travel medicine and more. The book is designed to allow educators/students to choose chapters of interest as they feel suited, as each chapter is independent from the others. Each chapter contains learning objectives and an introduction to the topic, followed by a case and questions. The chapter closes with commentary from the authors and patient-oriented considerations for the topic at hand.

This casebook, now in its second edition, is a collaboration of over 90 individuals with expertise and training in public health pharmacy. A total of 54 chapters are presented, covering a broad array of topics relevant to pharmacy applications of public health. These topics include, but are not limited to, cross-cultural care, health literacy and disparities, infectious disease, health promotion and disease prevention, medication safety, structural racism, advocacy/policy analysis, chronic disease, women’s health, rural health, travel medicine and more. The book is designed to allow educators/students to choose chapters of interest as they feel suited, as each chapter is independent from the others. Each chapter contains learning objectives and an introduction to the topic, followed by a case and questions. The chapter closes with commentary from the authors and patient-oriented considerations for the topic at hand.

Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students is an undergraduate medical-level resource for foundational knowledge of pulmonary pathophysiology. This text is designed for a course pre-clinical undergraduate medical curriculum and it is aligned to USMLE(r) (United States Medical Licensing Examination) content guidelines. The text is meant to provide the essential information from these content areas in a concise format that would allow learner preparation to engage in an active classroom. Clinical correlates and additional application of content is intended to be provided in the classroom experience. The text assumes that the students will have an understanding of basic cardiovascular physiology that will be helpful to understand the content presented here. This resource should be assistive to the learner later in medical school and for exam preparation given the material is presented in a succinct manner, with a focus on high-yield concepts.

Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students is an undergraduate medical-level resource for foundational knowledge of pulmonary pathophysiology. This text is designed for a pre-clinical undergraduate medical curriculum and is aligned to USMLE(r) (United States Medical Licensing Examination) content guidelines. The text is meant to provide the essential information in a concise format that would allow learner preparation to engage in an active classroom. Clinical correlates and additional application of content is intended to be provided in the classroom experience. The text assumes that the students will have an understanding of basic pulmonary physiology that will be helpful to understand the content presented here. This resource should be assistive to the learner later in medical school and for exam preparation given the material is presented in a succinct manner, with a focus on high-yield concepts.

The 82-page text was created specifically for use by pre-clinical students at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and was based on faculty experience and peer review to guide development and hone important topics.

Available Formats
ISBN 978-1-957213-08-8 (PDF)
ISBN 978-1-957213-11-8 (ePub) https://doi.org/10.21061/pulmonarypathophysiology
ISBN 978-1-957213-09-5 (print) https://www.amazon.com/Pulmonary-Pathophysiology-Pre-Clinical-Students-Andrew/dp/1957213094
ISBN 978-1-957213-10-1 (Pressbooks)
https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/pulmonarypathophysiology
Also available via LibreTexts: https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/34444

How to Adopt this Book
Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are requested to register their interest at: https://bit.ly/interest-preclinical.

Instructors and subject matter experts interested in and sharing their original course materials relevant to pre-clinical education are requested to join the instructor portal at https://www.oercommons.org/groups/pre-clinical-resources/10133.

Features of this Book
1. Detailed learning objectives are provided at the beginning of each chapter;
2. High resolution, color contrasting figures illustrate concepts, relationships, and processes throughout;
3. Subsection summary tables
4. End of chapter lists provide additional sources of information; and
5. Accessibility features including structured heads and alternative-text provide access for readers accessing the work via a screen-reader.

Table of Contents
1: The Obstructive Lung Diseases
2: Upper Airway Infections
3: Lower Airway Infections
4: The Restrictive Lung Diseases
5: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
6: Lung Cancer
7: Pulmonary Embolism
8: Immunological Diseases of the Lung
9: Pleural Disease

Suggested Citation
Binks, Andrew., (2022). Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students, Roanoke: Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.21061/pulmonarypathophysiology. Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0.

Other Titles in This Series
LeClair, R., (2021) Cell Biology, Genetics, and Biochemistry for Pre-Clinical Students
LeClair, R., (2022) Neuroscience for Pre-Clinical Students
Binks, A., (2022) Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students
Binks, A., (2022) Pulmonary Physiology for Pre-Clinical Students 

About the Author
Dr. Andrew Binks is a cardiopulmonary physiologist who gained his BSc (Hons) in Physiological Sciences at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, then a MSc in Human and Applied Physiology from King’s College, London. He returned to Newcastle to do his PhD and study the underlying physiological mechanisms of dyspnea, the cardinal symptom of cardiopulmonary disease. He continued investigating dyspnea at Harvard School of Public Health as a postdoctoral fellow and then as a research scientist. After seven years at Harvard, Andrew took his first faculty position at the University of New England where he taught cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology to health profession and medical students. He continued to teach medical students their heart and lung physiology after moving to the University of South Carolina’s Medical School in Greenville where he also directed the school’s heart and lung pathophysiology courses. Andrew currently teaches heart and lung physiology and pathophysiology at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, directs the heart and lung pathophysiology course and has also served as the departmental director of faculty development.

In his two decades of teaching medical physiology, Andrew has regularly drawn upon his dyspnea research experience to generate an active, clinically focused approach to medical education. This book is part of that approach and supports students preparing for class with the basic information with the intention to apply and contextualize that information in a guided case-based classroom experience.

Andrew has published numerous peer-reviewed research papers and book chapters about dyspnea and about contemporary medical education. He has also given keynote presentations, faculty workshops and international webinars to promote effective medical education for the modern adult learner.

Accessibility Note
The University Libraries at Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Publishing are committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML (Pressbooks) and ePub versions of this book utilize header structures and include alternative text which allow for machine-readability.

Please report any errors at https://bit.ly/feedback-preclinical
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105411

Pulmonary Physiology for Pre-Clinical Students is an undergraduate medical-level resource for foundational knowledge of pulmonary physiology. This text is designed for a pre-clinical medical curriculum and is aligned to USMLE(r) (United States Medical Licensing Examination) content guidelines. The text is meant to provide the essential information in a concise format that would allow learner preparation to engage in an active classroom. Clinical correlates and additional application of content is intended to be provided in the classroom experience. This resource should be assistive to the learner later in medical school and for exam preparation given the material is presented in a succinct manner, with a focus on high-yield concepts.

The 101-page text was created specifically for use by pre-clinical students at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and was based on faculty experience and peer review to guide development and hone important topics.

Available Formats
ISBN 978-1-957213-12-5 (PDF)
ISBN 978-1-957213-14-9 (ePub) https://doi.org/10.21061/pulmonaryphysiology
ISBN 978-1-957213-13-2 (print) https://www.amazon.com/Pulmonary-Physiology-Pre-Clinical-Students-Andrew/dp/1957213132
ISBN 978-1-957213-15-6 (Pressbooks)
https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/pulmonaryphysiology
Also available via LibreTexts: https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/34378

How to Adopt this Book
Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are requested to register their interest at: https://bit.ly/interest-preclinical.

Instructors and subject matter experts interested in and sharing their original course materials relevant to pre-clinical education are requested to join the instructor portal at https://www.oercommons.org/groups/pre-clinical-resources/10133.

Features of this Book
1. Detailed learning objectives are provided at the beginning of each chapter;
2. High resolution, color contrasting figures illustrate concepts, relationships, and processes throughout;
3. Subsection summary tables
4. End of chapter lists provide additional sources of information; and
5. Accessibility features including structured heads and alternative-text provide access for readers accessing the work via a screen-reader.

Table of Contents
1: Fundamentals
2: Mechanics of the Lungs
3: Lung Volumes and Compliance
4: Distribution of Ventilation
5: Airflow and Airway Resistance
6: Dynamic Airway Compression
7: Fundamentals of Gas Exchange
8: Perfusion and Diffusion Limitations in Gas Exchange
9: Pulmonary Blood Flow
10: Pulmonary Capillaries and Non-Ventilatory Function
11: Arterial CO₂ and Ph
12: Alkalosis and Acidosis
13: Ventilation and Perfusion
14: The Alveolar Gas Equation and Alveolar-Arterial PO₂ Difference
15: Pulmonary Shunts
16: Gas Transport
17: Control of Breathing
18: Dyspnea

Suggested Citation
Binks, Andrew., (2022). Pulmonary Physiology for Pre-Clinical Students, Roanoke: Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.21061/pulmonaryphysiology. Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0.

Other Titles in This Series
LeClair, R., (2021) Cell Biology, Genetics, and Biochemistry for Pre-Clinical Students
LeClair, R., (2022) Neuroscience for Pre-Clinical Students
Binks, A., (2022) Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students
Binks, A., (2022) Pulmonary Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students 

About the Author
Dr. Andrew Binks is a cardiopulmonary physiologist who gained his BSc (Hons) in Physiological Sciences at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, then a MSc in Human and Applied Physiology from King’s College, London. He returned to Newcastle to do his PhD and study the underlying physiological mechanisms of dyspnea, the cardinal symptom of cardiopulmonary disease. He continued investigating dyspnea at Harvard School of Public Health as a postdoctoral fellow and then as a research scientist. After seven years at Harvard, Andrew took his first faculty position at the University of New England where he taught cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology to health profession and medical students. He continued to teach medical students their heart and lung physiology after moving to the University of South Carolina’s Medical School in Greenville where he also directed the school’s heart and lung pathophysiology courses. Andrew currently teaches heart and lung physiology and pathophysiology at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, directs the heart and lung pathophysiology course and has also served as the departmental director of faculty development.

In his two decades of teaching medical physiology, Andrew has regularly drawn upon his dyspnea research experience to generate an active, clinically focused approach to medical education. This book is part of that approach and supports students preparing for class with the basic information with the intention to apply and contextualize that information in a guided case-based classroom experience.

Andrew has published numerous peer-reviewed research papers and book chapters about dyspnea and about contemporary medical education. He has also given keynote presentations, faculty workshops and international webinars to promote effective medical education for the modern adult learner.

Accessibility Note
The University Libraries at Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Publishing are committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML (Pressbooks) and ePub versions of this book utilize header structures and include alternative text which allow for machine-readability.

Please report any errors at https://bit.ly/feedback-preclinical
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105410

Radiation Oncology is a rapidly changing field with new advances being made daily. As a consequence, any textbook becomes out-of-date almost immediately after it is published. Thus, the WikiBook format is ideal for a textbook of radiation oncology, as updates can be made constantly as new information becomes available.